Vanadium (V) and titanium (Ti), strategic metals of the future which are intimately associated in nature, are found throughout Canada in a wide variety of forms and settings. Natural hosts for V and Ti deposits are magnetite and/or ilmenite-rich igneous rocks such as anorthosite complexes and layered intrusions, sedimentary rocks including heavy mineral placers, coal and phosphate rock, hydrothermally altered and metamorphic rocks, and bauxite (aluminium-rich residually weathered) deposits.
These metals are also found in previously processed oil residues and ashes, and in iron slag. They are also recovered from the recycling of used catalysts.